Luckily, nature in smaller, more practical doses, also appears to have benefits. Is there a more efficient method that allows us to take advantage of the benefits of nature, a method that fits better into our everyday lives? Not everyone can just go for a walk in nature every time they feel brain-dead, or when their attention is depleted. Restorative as nature is, it is not always easily accessible. Therefore, nature can produce positive effects on short-term memory and directed attention even if the exposure is as short as 50 minutes. From pre-test to post-test, performance on the BDS task improved for participants walking in the arboretum, but not for those walking downtown. As for the walk, it lasted 50 to 55 minutes, and participants either went downtown (i.e., an urban setting) or walked in an arboretum (i.e., a natural setting). This task not only measures participants’ short-term memory span but also taps into their abilities to employ directed attention. In another study, the Backward Digit Span (BDS Wechsler, 1974) task was administered before participants went on a walk (pre-test), and then again after the walk (post-test). Thus, it seems that nature starts to show its positive impact on cognition after three days of exposure. The results revealed a 50% boost in performance for participants who completed the task while on the hike (Atchley et al., 2012). For example, if the three presented words are “swiss,” “cottage,” and “cake,” the correct answer will be “cheese.” The RAT is thought to tax attention and higher-order cognition. #LIRIK LAGU HALO BEYONCE TRIAL#The RAT is a creativity task in which participants have to come up with a word that connects three words that are presented on each trial and that appear to be unrelated (Mednick, 1962). For example, in one study, participants completed the Remote Associates Task (RAT Mednick, 1962) either before going on a hike into the wilderness or on the fourth day of the hike (Atchley et al., 2012). Previous studies (e.g., Atchley, Strayer, & Atchley, 2012 Berman, Jonides, & Kaplan, 2008) have found that after exposure to nature, people tend to perform better on cognitive tasks. For instance, in a forest there is no traffic for us to worry about, nor there is any car honk by our ears. That is, unlike urban environments, nature has very few stimuli that may require our directed attention. These properties are collectively referred to as soft fascination, in contrast to the hard fascination produced by urban environments. Attention Restoration Theory (ART Kaplan, 1995) states that natural settings are restorative because they are often extensive, allow us to be detached from our everyday thoughts and worries, fit our needs for relaxation, and, most importantly, capture our attention automatically and effortlessly. Exposure to nature can help one recover from this fatigue. Thus, prolonged use of directed attention usually results in mental fatigue, which in turn decreases performance on affective and cognitive measures (Bratman, Hamilton, & Daily, 2012). Directed attention is controlled, effortful attention that helps one inhibit irrelevant information in the environment and select important information. Dan lagu ini diciptakan oleh Konwles, Ryan Tedder, dan Evant Bogart.After studying for a long time, do you feel brain-dead, or unable to focus anymore? This fatigue occurs when your attention, or more specifically, directed attention, is depleted. Lagu ini juga termasuk dalam album solo ketiganya yang bernama I Am… Sasha Fierce. Lagu ini dibawakan oleh Beyonce yang merupakan penyanyi sekaligus aktris asal Amerika Serikat. Halo adalah sebuah lagu yang rilis pada tahun 2008.
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